![]() Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively. J2EE included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run in server environments, while J2ME featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. ![]() The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed Java, from Java coffee. The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. The latest version is Java 8, which is the only version currently supported for free by Oracle, although earlier versions are supported both by Oracle and other companies on a commercial basis. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets). As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licences. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. As of 2015, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
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